注意控制与短时记忆的知觉组织

ATTENTIONAL CONTROL AND PERCEPTUAL GROUPING PROCESSES IN SHORT-TERM MEMORY

考察了短时记忆中的知觉组织是否受双作业时指导语引导的注意策略控制。各有 2 4名北京大学本科生参加了自由回忆和顺序回忆实验。实验任务有 2种 :记忆和声音监控。声音监控或者安排在记忆编码阶段 ,或者安排在记忆提取阶段。双作业时的指导语类型有 3种 ,分别强调记忆、声音监控或两种作业同样重要。记忆项目表分 2种 :不分组和知觉分组。研究发现 :自由回忆中的知觉组织仅受编码阶段的指导语影响 ;顺序回忆中的知觉组织仅受提取阶段的指导语影响。作者设想 ,短时记忆中的知觉组织在编码和提取阶段都受注意控制 ,但记忆类型不同 。

The present study examined the effects of dual task emphases on perceptual grouping processes in short term memory. Forty eight undergraduate students participated in the free recall and serial recall experiments. The memory materials were non verbal visual spatial patterns. They were perceptually grouped by color into two types of memory lists: the grouped list and ungrouped list. Subjects were asked to memorize all the items in a memory list first and then make a free recall or serial recall on an answer sheet. A concurrent tone monitoring task was performed at either memory encoding or retrieval phase. There were three different types of dual task instructions emphasizing the memory task, tone monito ring task, and both, respectively. The results showed that the dual task emphasis at encoding phase only affected the perceptual grouping process in free recall, not that in serial recall; while the dual task emphasis at retrieval phase only affected the perceptual grouping process in serial recall, not that in free recall. The results suggest that the perceptual grouping processes in short term memory might be under attentional control at both encoding and retrieval phases, but its locus and manifestation may vary with the type of memory task.