松口蘑复合种形态学及生物地理学研究

MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOGEOGRAPHIC STUDY ON TRICHOLOMA MATSUTAKE-COMPLEX

松口蘑复合种含有松口蘑Tricholoma matsutake (也称松茸)、北欧口蘑T. nauseosum、喜栎口蘑T. zangii和美洲口蘑T. magnivelare等4个分类单元。在对来自中国、日本、法国、西班牙、瑞典、芬兰和美国的标本进行形态学研究的基础上,认为松口蘑、北欧口蘑、喜栎口蘑形态十分接近,它们的分类地位应该重新考虑。美洲口蘑和它们的差别也不大。对松口蘑复合种的寄主和地理分布也进行了总结,发现松口蘑和美洲口蘑的寄主范围较广,寄主专化性不强,而北欧口蘑和喜栎口蘑的寄主比较专一。在地理分布上,松口蘑和美洲口蘑形成亚洲—北美地理替代种的分布格局;松口蘑和北欧口蘑形成欧亚间断分布的分布格局;喜栎口蘑的地理分布范围完全包含在松口蘑的分布范围中。松口蘑复合种种类的分布区和它们各自寄主的分布不一定完全相同。在松口蘑复合种内,北欧口蘑和松口蘑已被认为是同一个种,而其余两个分类单元的分类地位值得进一步研究。

Tricholoma matsutake-complex treated here consists of T. matsutake, T. nauseosum, T. zangii and T. magnivelare. Some of them are sold as 搈atsutake?in the market with high price. The present study is based on examination of the specimens from China, Japan, Finland, UK and USA and the relavant data of distribution and the hosts. They are very similar in morphological characters. Tricholoma matsutake and T. magnivelare have symbiotic relationship with Pinus spp., Picea spp., Abies spp., Tsuga spp. and Quercus spp., whilst Tricholoma nauseosum lives only with Pinus sylvestris and T. zangii with species of Quercus Sect. Brahylepides. The taxa involved have different distribution pattern: T. matsutake and T. magnivelare form a pair of East Asia - Northern America vicarious species; T. matsutake and T. nauseosum are distributed disjunctly between East Asia and Europe; T. zangii is within the distribution area of T. matsutake. However, the distribution of Tricholoma matsutake-complex is not always the same as that of its hosts. Tricholoma matsutake and T. nauseosum have been considered as the same species. The other two require further study.