论我国和近邻的高等真菌特有种

ENDEMIC HIGHER FUNGI WITH A NOTE ON CHINA AND ADJACENT AREAS

本文讨论了我国及邻区高等真菌特有种43种,以及特有种类型和特点,并报道珊瑚状银耳新种。模式存我所稳花植物标本馆。

The term endemic means occurring nowhere else, fungi can be endemic to geographic regions on a variety of spatial scales and at different taxonomic levels. A certain genera or species in specified mountainous landscaps with isoleted valleys, nearby deserts, arid habitats or isolation produced as an island formed distantly from mainland, of which the endemics are members. These ecological and different hosts are encourage fungal populations to differentiate and specialize for microhabitats. Under such environmental conditions, the natural selection and genetic variation can result in rapid speciation and adaptive radiation to produce high number of endemic fungal forms. The origins and ages of fungal endemics are indicated by a variety of terms, such as: (1) Paleoendemic fungi, they are used to identify the old formed species, usually used to identify on the historical origins of endemics, those generally before the Quaternary age. (2) Neoendemic fungi, they are applicable to determined to recently formed species, e.g. Corallocystostroma oryzae, Femsjonia rubra etc., those to label are the recent endemics, which after the Quaternary age. (3) Allochthonous endemic fungi. They has evolved their characters elsewhere and merely survives in their current areas, several Gymnospermae, such as Metasequia, Ginkgo are occur in China, Taiwania is endemic to Taiwan, Yunnan and Burma, which are the survivors of a group that were fairly diversified in the Mesozoic. The relative mycorrhizal fungi usually associated with their roots, Glomus mosseae is as a common on theroot of the genus Taiwania; Glomus citricola is an obligate and symbiotic with roots of Citrus sinensis, although the Glomus mosseae is a polyphagous fungus, yet the Glomus citricola, it merely survives in the South China and always associated with Citrus trees. (4) Autochthonous endemic fungi, an autochthonous endemic is one that has differentiated in situ, where it is exist in the most limited area under specified condition. The autochthonous endemic fungi are an oboriginal form or native fungi, not an introduction. In China and adjacent areas occur one the richest autochthonous endemic mycoflora in the world. The alpine Cordyceps group is a distinctive genus of Ascomycetes whose species are obligate parasites on the Hepialus insect larvae. The others such as the genera Phytocordyceps, Sinodidymella, Sinotermitomyces etc. are accepted representatives. In this paper has been listed in recognized 43 endemic species including a new species Tremella ramarioides arranged in 24 genera. A brief discussion is based upon fungal collections in this area, where the Himalayan uplift, the Quaternary glaciation, the different topography in the limited areas, those are the special phenomenous of the endemic fungi. A fun project is to draw these endemic higher fungi occurred to this area, where to show that fungal examples can be found to mimic all possble land connections, of which the Qinghai-Tibetan - Altai Plateau as a land bridge between adjacent Europe and Asia, the Himalayas are connected with Gondwanaland and Laurasia land masses, however, the mycoflora have relation to the land masses, the Wallace's Line also discussed. Of course, many of these existence of endemic fungi and historical connections have been proposed and discussed. The author express thanks to his colleagues mycologists Liu Pei-gui & Yang Zhu-liang for their contributions with some taxonomical datum, Prof. Zhang Zhong-yi (Yunnan Agriculture University) and Mr. Yang Jian-kun for providing specimens from their collections.