德运之争与辽金王朝的正统性问题

Debates on the Cycle of Five Virtuous Elements and Legitimacy of the Liao and Jurchen Jin Dynasties

辽、金两朝在接受汉文化之后 ,都以正统相标榜 :辽承晋统 ,金承宋统 ,并企图为其正统论寻找德运的依据。元代曾围绕宋辽金三史的纂修义例问题展开激烈的正统之辨。明代士人普遍否认辽金正统 ,纷纷重修《宋史》 ,其旨趣不在于订讹补阙 ,而在于另创义例。在清代 ,宋辽金正闰之争本是一个颇有忌讳的话题 ,但当清朝统治者从北方民族王朝立场转向中国大一统王朝立场之后 ,最终也否定了辽金正统。辽金王朝的正统性之争 。

The rulers both of the Liao and of the Jurchen (“Jin”) dynasties claimed legitimacy for themselves on the basis of their Sinification. While the Liao replaced the Later Jin and the Jurchen Jin the Song, both made efforts to prove their legitimacy using the cycle of the Five Virtuous Elements (wuxing). Fierce debates on their legitimacy arose in the Yuan dynasty when standards for compiling the histories of the Song, the Liao and the Jurchen Jin were debated. The legitimacy of the latter two was generally rejected by Ming dynasty literatis who rewrote, rather than revised, the History of the Song along completely new standards. In the early Qing dynasty, the topic became taboo. However, when the Qing court finally transformed itself from rulers of a northern nomadic kingdom to a Chinese empire, they declared the Liao and the Jurchen Jin illegitimate. The debates reflect from one perspective the changes of the notions of hua (ethnic Chinese) and yi (aliens) over a thousand year period