空间和平衡理论在景观生态学中的发展和应用

Development and application of the theory of space and equilibrium in landscape ecology

传统生态学承认生态系统中平衡、稳定状态的存在 ,“自然平衡理论”是其集中体现。而近 30年来 ,非平衡理论的出现 ,使得人们对生态系统的认识发生了彻底的改变。非平衡理论认为 ,偶然事件 (如干扰等 )在生态过程中起着重要作用。随着认识的转变 ,对生态过程中的“空间”和空间异质性的理解也发生了变化 ,传统生态学总是试图回避空间动态和空间异质性问题 ,而着重强调时间格局的重要性。但在近 2 0年来 ,空间格局则得到了广泛重视。空间理论及空间格局的研究表明 ,空间异质性既可能增加生态系统和生态过程的稳定性 ,也可能降低其稳定性。分析两种变化趋势 ,指出了它们的相互关系 ,同时讨论了空间理论的发展及其在景观生态学中的应用 ,并阐述了生态平衡的含义。

Space has long been ignored, till the last two decades. The way in which the roles of space and spatial heterogeneity in ecological dynamics were viewed has been shifted, and the importance of spatial pattern has been emphasized. Through the explicit consideration of space and spatial pattern it has been showed that spatial heterogeneity may act either to stabilize or destabilize ecological systems and processes. This paper reviewed these two changes in the way ecological systems were conceptualized and explored how they were inter-related. Advances in our understanding of the role of space and the nature of equilibrium in landscapes were discussed within the context of both modeling and empirical studies.