近代哲学对科学知识确定性的辩护及其后果

The Defense of Scientific Knowledge Certainty by Modern Philosophy and Its Consequences

近代哲学是在接受科学知识具有确定性这一前提下寻求为科学知识确定性辩护的。经验论以感觉经验为原则并坚决地贯彻这一原则 ,不但没有达到辩护的目的 ,反而导致休谟的怀疑主义和不可知论 ;唯理论从理性的“自明”性和推理即理性自身寻求为科学知识确定性辩护 ,也遇到无法克服的困境 ;二者的发展 ,越到后来越对科学知识的确定性持更多的怀疑 ,更多地接受经验知识的偶然性。康德哲学的主题也是为科学知识的确实可靠性辩护 ,但他的辩护是牵强的并导致“物自体”的不可知和“二律背反”。黑格尔在批判经验论和先验论的基础上 ,第一次明确阐述了认识是主客体的双向互动的观点 ,为后来知识论的发展提供了新的视角。

Modern philosophy tried to defend the certainty of scientific knowledge on the premise that such certainty does exist. Carrying out the principle of experience feelings, empiricists not only failed to reach the purpose of their defense, but also caused the formation of Hume's skepticism and agnosticism. Pure theorists also met with insurmountable difficulties in the defense by arguing that ration means reason, and ration is self-explanatory'. As time passed on, there were increasing doubts from these two schools about the certainty of scientific knowledge and inclination to accept contingency of experience knowledge. The theme of Kant's philosophy was also to defend for this certainty. But his defense was farfetched and led to agnosticism of 'the thing itself' and 'contradiction of dual laws'. Hegel is the first one to illustrate the point that knowledge requires the mutual action of the subject and object. Based on critical empiricism and apriorism, Hegel's philosophy provided new perspectives for the development of later knowledge theory.