中国土地沙漠化的态势及其治理的基本模式

STATUS AND BASIC CONTROL MODELS OF DESERTIFICATION IN CHINA

本文基于多年来研究沙漠及沙漠化的基础上,扼要介绍我国沙漠化现状、发展趋势及治理模式。土地荒漠化是世界上一个重要的生态环境问题,国际上对此极为关注,1977年联合国专门召开世界沙漠化会议,提出全球向沙漠化进军的行动纲领。我国沙漠及沙漠化土地面积约为153.3万平方公里,占国土面积的15.9%,其中,干旱区沙漠(戈壁)116.2万平方公里,干旱及半干旱区沙漠化土地面积约33.4万平方公里,湿润半湿润区风沙化土地面积约3.7万平方公里。中国土地沙漠化的趋势是局部改善,总体上仍在发展。70年代中期到80年代中期,沙漠化土地面积从17.6万平方公里增加到20.1万平方公里。当前治沙的重点应放在沙漠化土地上,特别是对那些正在发展的和已经开始沙漠化的土地,既要防止其发展,又要恢复土地的生产力。对于沙漠(戈壁)的治理,重点应放在位于其边缘的绿洲。除了采取措施保护现有绿洲、交通干线,工矿居民点等免受风沙危害外,还应进行综合开发、建立和扩大新绿洲。根据风沙化土地的特点与发展趋势,可以充分利用其周围地区丰富的劳动力和经济、技术发展的优势,进行全部开发。

In view of the results which have been obtained from the studies on desert and desertification in the past years in China, this paper introduced briefly the situation, development trend and control models of desertification in China. Desertification is an important ecological and environmental issue in the world today. UN organized a special conference on desertification in 1977, and then brought up a Plan of Action to Combat Desertification. Desert and desertification land of 153.3 million km^2, it accounts for 15.9% of total area in China (including desert (gobi) of 116.2 million km^2 in arid regions, desertification of 33.4 million km^2 in arid and semi-arid regions, blownsand of 3.7 million km^2 in humid and subhumid regions). Even though desertificaiton in some area is improved, it in the whole is still developing. From the middle of 1970's to the middle of 1980's, desertification land increased by 17.6 million km^2 to 20.1 million km^2. In recently, the focal point of desertification control should be put in this area in which desertification land is developing or has developed. In desertification area, the purpose of desertification control is to prevent its development as well as to restore the productivity of land. For the desert (gobi) control, the focal point should be put in oasis, main comunication lines and residential area against the damage of blownsand, and comprehensive development, establishment and expansion oasis. According to the characteristic and development trend of blownsand land, we should make full use of abundant labour power, good economic condition and advanced techniques which can be found in blownsand regions to develop blownsand land in various aspects.