高寒草地生态经济系统价值流、畜群结构、最优控制管理及可持续发展

Value flow,livestock structure,optimal-control management and sustainable development of ecological economic system in alpine meadow

高寒草地是中国西部青藏高原地区重要的生态系统 ,该系统直接和该地区少数民族的民生相联系 .由于长期过度放牧 ,该系统已经开始严重退化 ,而单纯的保护将会与当地畜牧业发展发生冲突 .为了能深入地认识高寒草地牧业生态经济系统存在的经济规律 ,本研究以甘南合作藏族自治州畜牧业经济为对象 ,首先从生态经济学角度以货币为计量标度 ,定量分析了一个以草地牧业为主的高寒牧区生态经济复合系统中单位面积上能流过程和价值流过程 ,解释该生态经济系统的耦合关系 .然后利用线性规划方法 ,对该系统中的关键问题 ,即畜群结构进行优化分析并提出优化方案 .最后利用最优控制方法 ,对放牧及刈割强度进行分析 ,提出合理的放牧强度模式 ,使高寒草地的经济效益与生态效益达到最佳平衡 .利用这 3种方法建立起高寒草地生态经济复合系统的可持续发展监督和管理模式 ,用价值流分析明确系统的价值走向和倍增效应 ,用线性规划使畜牧业的种内和品种结构达到最优化并使其经济效益最大 ,利用最优控制方法使畜牧业生产和草地保护有机结合 。

Alpine meadow is the most important ecosystem in Western China,especially in Tibetan Plateau.Local economic entities are primarily built on this ecosystem,where stockbreeding is the biggest domain since civilization.Therefore,this ecosystem is closely correlated with the local minoritys livelihood,local economic situations,and social security.Due to the lasting overgraze,this ecosystem has heavily degenerated.Lean and sand soil substantially appear in some area,and biodiversity rapidly decreases.Local wildlife is endangered and going extinct,which has been regarded by Wetland International Organization.Ecosystem conservation and protection is hot in this region.However,direct environmental protection will collide with the development of stockbreeding,and will influence the local livelihoods and social development.How to balance the improvement of standard of living and the environmental protection is a problem in dilemma.In this paper,we want to resolve and translate this problem according to our abilities.To investigate the principles in this stockbreeding ecological economic system of alpine meadow,we anatomize the stockbreeding in Gannan Tibetan Autonomy Prefecture,which is a typical area with the above problem.First,in respect of ecological economics,we quantitatively analyze the energy flow and value flow of a stockbreeding dominated alpine pasturing area by the unit of currency,and reveal the coupling relations underlying this ecological economic system.This approach can confirm the directions and ways of value flow and the lays of value augment.Second,by linear programming,we propose the optimal livestock structure for this system.It can maximum the economic benefit by the regulation of intraspecific structure and breed structure of livestock.Finally,by the mathematical control theory,we give the rational grazing intensity to balance the economic benefit and ecological benefit.It can not only improve the local stockbreeding,but also protect and persist local ecosystem,especially the alpine meadow and wetland.Utilizing these three approaches,we construct the sustainable investigating and managing mode.It can give theoretical supports and investigating approach to the local governments.