集合种群的理论框架与应用研究进展

Theoretical framework of metapopulation and progress in application

集合种群的研究是当今国际生态学的重要前沿与热点 .随着全球范围的生境破坏和破碎化 ,集合种群的研究方法已成为数学生态学、理论生态学和保护生物学的重要手段 .由于其迅速的发展 ,集合种群的概念与理论得到迅速扩展与丰富 .为了能总观集合种群进展的全局并开展进一步的工作 ,首先对集合种群的已有概念、理论和模型做了全面的分析和总结 ;其次对集合种群的发展和概念进行了探讨 ,以集合种群模型的中心框架 :L evins的斑块占据模型为基础 ,展开对其它原理、效应和机制的探讨 ;主要包括了 L evins原理 ,即当生境遭到破坏时 ,空斑块比例在集合种群灭绝前保持不变 ,然后还分析了 Allee效应 集合种群的 Allee效应主要是由于建群困难和扩散损失造成的 ;第三 ,分析了援救效应 :迁入个体可以降低斑块中现有局域种群的灭绝风险 ,援救效应会增强集合种群的生存力 ,使空斑块比例下降 .第四 ,探讨了两竞争集合种群的共存机制 ,即竞争 -侵占妥协 ,其共存机制为空间生境中物种共存提供了有力的理论解释 .最后 ,对集合种群群落中的灭绝债务进行了讨论 ,并给出了

Metapopulation is the important frontiers and hotspots in recent international research of ecology.With the global habitat destruction and fragmentation,metapopulation approaches have become one of the most important tools in mathematical ecology,theoretical ecology and conservation biology.Due to the quick development,the concepts and theories of metapopulation expand and thrive.To make a comprehensive view of metapopulation researches,we fully analyze and summarize the present concepts,theories and models of metapopulation in this paper,which primarily includes the dynamical models and simulation approaches of single and competitive metapopulations.Based on the Levins patch occupant model,the center framework of metapopulation researches,primary principles and mechanisms are discussed.First,Levins rule:the fraction of empty patch will remain constant with habitat destruction as long as metapopulation survives.This rule implies that empty patches have determinant effects on persistence and conservation.Second,Allee effect of metapopulation is incurred by establishing difficulties and dispersal costs,which is important to the studies of reserve area and the minimum available metapopulation size.Third,we analyze the rescue effect that immigrants can reduce the extinction risk of the presented local population.Rescue effect can leads to the improvement of metapopulation sustainability and the decrease of fraction of empty patches.Fourth,the coexistence mechanism of two competing metapopulation is discussed,which suggests that competition colonization trade off may be prevalent in competing systems.Finally,extinction debt obtained from coexistence mechanism is given,which depicts the lost of species richness in the future for the current habitat destruction.After theoretical discussion,we present two popular simulated approaches in metapopulations:probability transition model and stochastic process model.In the final section,we compactly prospect the development and application of metapopulation approach.We hope that this paper could be a synthetically consultation to further metapopulation researches.