弗洛伊德与马克思——关于弗洛伊德学说与马克思理论比较中的几个问题

Freud and Marx ——A Few Issues in the Comparison between Freud and Marx

作为两种关于人生、社会与历史的总体观念和解释模式 ,弗洛伊德的学说与马克思的理论形成了潜在的对话关系 ,这为对二人进行联系比较提供了可能。西方学术界结合弗洛伊德与马克思大致有从外到内的三种模式 :方法与命题比较、原理置换和深层学术融合。二十世纪结合弗洛伊德与马克思的大多数尝试存在着一边倒的情况 ,即偏向于用弗洛伊德的某些概念、命题去比照、置换马克思的基本原理 ,把马克思弗洛伊德化。文章认为 ,研究弗洛伊德与马克思的关系 ,需要正视弗洛伊德的学说与马克思的理论潜在的对话关系 ,从思想史的联系中考察两者的碰撞及得失。

As two different general concepts and patterns of i nt erpretation concerning life, society and history, Freudian theory and Marxist th eory set up a potential relationship of dialogue, which makes a comparative stud y between the two possible. From the outside to the inside, there are roughly th ree modes in comparing Freud with Marx in western academia: comparison of method s and propositions, substitution of principles, and academic integration on the deeper layer. Most comparative studies between Freud and Marx in the 20 th centur y are overwhelmingly one-sided, i.e., they tend to Freudianize Marx, using some of the Freudian concepts and propositions to contrast and substitute the basic p rinciples of Marx. This paper believes that it is important to face the potentia l relationship of dialogue between Freudian and Marxist theories in studying the two, and try to examine their clashes and gains and losses from their relations in the history of ideologies.