中国矿产业的废水污染现状分析与防治对策

Wastewater Pollution Situation and Countermeasures for Chinese Mineral Industry

在矿山生产带来的诸多环境问题中,含大量重金属、有机化合物、石油等有害物质的生产废水以及矿山酸性废水所造成的水污染和对水资源环境的破坏,在我国当前水资源严重匮乏的形势下显得尤为突出。由于我国长期以来缺乏对不同地区和行业的废水排放状况的分析和研究,给工业废水的防治和水资源的综合利用管理工作带来了一定的困难。该文根据2000年重点调查工业企业污染数据,对我国矿产业的废水污染特征进行了分析。分析结果表明: ①矿产业的废水治理水平稍高于整体工业平均水平; ②矿产业的平均用水消耗和废水排放系数高于整体工业平均水平,治理投资系数低于平均水平; ③除Hg、Cr6+、COD和石油类外,矿产业各项污染物的平均排放浓度普遍超标; ④废水处理水平表现出随企业规模自大到小,在地域分布上自东向西依次降低的特点; ⑤大型、国有矿产企业的用水消耗系数大,小型、乡镇企业、私营和集体企业的废水治理水平低。针对上述特点,就加强矿产业的水污染控制、提高水资源管理水平提出了相关对策。

The exploration and utilization of mineral resources can cause such many environmental problems as water pollution and water resource environment deterioration from the mining and dressing wastewater of high-content hazardous substances like heavy metals, organic compounds and oil and mineral acid wastewater. These issues appear particularly acute facing the severe water-shortage situation in China. The deficiency in analysis and research on the wastewater effluents from the different industries and districts brought us trouble in industrial wastewater prevention and control and in the macro management and comprehensive utilization of water resource. This paper analyzes the mineral wastewater pollution characteristics by the pollution indexes database of the priority investigated industrial wastewater sources of 2000. The analysis results showed: 1) The wastewater treatment level of the mineral industry was a little higher than that of the overall industry. Its comprehensive index of wastewater treatment, Iw, was 5.75, while that of the overall industry is 5.5; 2) The average coefficient of water consumption and wastewater discharge of the mineral industry were respectively 268.99 ton and 138.53 ton per ten thousand Yuan, higher than those of the overall industry, 227.42 and 84.50; as the investment coefficient of the mineral industry, 15.01 Yuan per ton, was lower than that of the overall industry, 38.72; 3) Besides Hg, Cr^(6+), COD and oil, the average discharge concentrations of its main pollutants all exceeded the standards. Taking the heavy metal mine as an example, the average discharge concentrations of pollutants of lead, arsenic, phenol, cyanide and sulphate were respectively 6.4, 10.2, 1.4, 7.5 and 9.5 times of their corresponding discharge standards of class II; 5) Its wastewater treatment level appeared degrading with the decrease of enterprises' scale and the geographical transition from east to west; 5) The water consumption coefficients of the large-scale and state-owned mineral enterprises were high and the wastewater treatment levels of the small-scale, town-village ownership, private and collective enterprises were low. The corresponding suggestions are also presented to reinforce the mineral water pollution control and improve the water resource management level.