略论方以智的太极观——从“一两之辨”看方以智“一在二中”、“舍二则无一”的思维方式

A Preliminary Study of Fang Yizhi's Tai-Ji Outlook

太极观在宋明理学史上占有重要地位。方以智的太极观注重太极范畴的逻辑展开方式 ,以太极为理气统一体 ,从太极和仪象的关系 ,推广到太极和天地万物的关系 ,进而讨论了本体和现象的问题。据此 ,他否认易学中的义理学派的世界观 ,即理作为独立自存的实体 ,脱离象数而存在 ,从而得出离现象别无本体的结论。一方面扬弃了朱熹的理为太极说 ,一方面也发展了张载以来的气为太极说 ,成为宋明哲学中唯物主义本体论的代表之一。

Tai-Ji (the Supreme Ultimate) outlook played a key role in the development of Neo-Confucianism during the Song and Ming Dynasties. Fang Yizhi's Tai-Ji outlook laid stress on the logical development of Tai-Ji category. He regarded Tai-Ji as a unity of Li and Qi. Through an analysis of the relationship between Tai-Ji and Yi-Xiang and then between Tai-Ji and all things on earth, he discussed such problems as noumenon and phenomenon. Thus, he did not accept the Yi-Li school's world outlook which regarded Li as an independent entity separated from Xiang-shu and concluded there would be no noumenon without phenomenon. Though Fang Yizhi disagreed with Zhu-Xi's idea that Li was Tai-Ji, he developed the idea that Qi was Tai-Ji put forward by Zhang Zai and became a representative of materialistic ontology in the Song and Ming Dynasties.