无铅汽油使用后学龄儿童血铅、智商变化及经济效益初探

The Effect of Use of Unleaded Gasoline on the Concentration of Blood Lead and Intelligence Quotient in school-aged Children and its Elementary Economic Analysis

[目的 ]了解无铅汽油在上海使用 2年多来 ,汽车尾气相关污染物对学龄儿童血铅及智商的影响。 [方法 ]1999年、2 0 0 0年连续 2年对上海市不同交通污染区的学龄儿童进行流行病学调查 ,主要包括现场问卷调查 ,学龄儿童血铅水平及智商测定 ,并初步评价了汽油无铅化对学龄儿童的血铅及智商影响。同时根据有关资料作了经济效益的初步探讨。 [结果 ]城乡不同暴露地区的学龄儿童前后 2年血铅水平差异无统计学意义 ,血铅几何均数分别为 ( 0 .2 79±0 0 681)和 ( 0 .2 98± 0 .15 6) μmol/L(P >0 .0 5 ) ;但不同暴露地区 1999年儿童的血铅水平分别为 ( 0 .2 98± 0 .15 6)和 ( 0 .2 5 2±0 13 4) μmol/L(P <0 .0 5 ) ,可能原因主要包括区域及居住环境的差异。 1999年血铅水平与儿童智商呈负相关 ,智商 =119 2 -0 .114×血Pb(P <0 .0 0 2 ) ;经济效益的初步分析表明上海市学龄儿童血铅的降低可为上海避免近 6亿美元 (约 5 0亿人民币 )的经济损失。[结论 ]汽油无铅化可有效降低儿童的大气铅接触及学龄儿童血铅浓度 ,具有一定的社会和经济效益。

The use of unleaded gasoline (ULG) has been for two years in Shanghai. To explore the effect of ULG on the concentration of blood lead(CBL) and intelligence quotient (IQ) in school-aged children, the epidemiological investigation was carried out. The study was conducted in 1999 and 2000 separately,mainly including field questionnaire surveillances,determination of CBL and IQ. Meanwhile the elementary economic analysis was made to compare the cost and the benefit. There is no statistically significant difference in CBLs between these two years, but the CBLs were found differently between the exposed and non-exposed groups. Main risk factors included exposure due to different traffic density,gender and resident environment. And in 1999,the CBL has a negative relationship with IQ.Based on US EPA method,the preliminary economic analysis showed that the use of ULG could avoid nearly 600 million US dollars lose in Shanghai. [Conclusion] Use of ULG can efficiently reduce the exposure of school-aged children to lead in the air,and also can reduce CBLs in school-aged children. There are a great extent of social and economic effects.