我国近年来水稻重大病虫害可持续控制技术重要研究进展——非化学控害技术研究

Research progress in sustainable management technology of major rice pests and diseases in China in recent years

针对水稻病虫害防治中长期存在控害保产与生产无公害稻米矛盾比较突出的问题, 研究提出了几种效果显著的非化学控害增产技术.其中, 利用水稻遗传背景、对病虫抗感水平等差异显著的水稻品种多样性种植, 控制稻瘟病的效果达42.12%～76.68%, 抑制白背飞虱若虫数量增长效果明显, 增产糯稻或优质稻600～1 050 kg/ hm2, 平均增收约1 500元/ hm2; 稻鱼共育控制稻飞虱的效果为63.77%～86.89%, 对纹枯病病株抑制率70.52%, 控制稻田杂草效果为89.57%, 平收获鲜鱼319.5～1 177.5 kg/ hm2, 水稻产量比对照区增产7.05%～10.11%; 稻鸭共育控制稻飞虱效果63.73%～77.18%, 控制稻螟效果30.11%, 控制纹枯病效果19.33%～67.03%, 对稻田杂草控制效果91.96%, 减少施肥30.6%、农药59.3%, 减少投入1 987.05元/ hm2.

Several effective non-chemical pest and disease management techniques have been put forward, considering the dilemma whether to control pests for high yield or maintain pollution-free rice production. The technique of interplanting rice varieties with different genetic background and resistance levels to pests and diseases was effective, which could control the rice blast by 42.12%-76. 68% , significantly inhibit the nymphae number of white-backed planthoppers, increase glutinous rice or high-quality rice by 600-1050 kg/ha, and increase income by 1 500 $/ha. The technique of raising fish in paddy fields could decrease rice planthoppers by 63.77%-86.89% , inhibit rice sclerotial blight by 70.52% , and control paddy weeds by 89. 57% . Three hundred and ninteen point five to 1 177. 5 kg/ha of fresh fish could be harvested and the rice yield increased by 7. 05%-10. 11% compared with the control. The technique of raising ducks in paddy fields could control rice planthoppers, rice borers, rice sclerotial bligh and paddy weeds by 63.73 %-77.18 % , 30.11 % , 19.33%-67. 03% , 91. 96% , respectively, reduce chemical fertilizer and pesticide usage by 30. 6% , and cut costs by 1987.05 $/ha.