十九世纪俄国村社制度下的农民生活世界——兼论近三十年来俄国村社研究的转向

Russian Peasants' Life World under Mir in the 19^(th) Century: With a Discussion on the Turning of Rural Community Studies in the Recent 30 Years in Russia

19世纪俄国农民生活在村社制度下。自然—气候因素从根本上影响到村社的兴起与延续 ;土地重分制度保证了农民最低限度的生存需要 ;帮助和互助传统化解了单个农民面临的难题 ;村社社会结构和职能的二重性使其善于灵活地应对社会、经济的变化 ;村社的民主原则和集体主义精神对农民的感召力很强 ;社会舆论的力量使农民时时遵守传统道德与传统行为规范。村社制度构成了俄国社会制度的基础 。

Peasants in the 19 th century Russia lived on mirs (rural communes). The natural climate played a fundamental role in the rise and endurance of the mir. The redistribution of land provided peasants with the means of survival. The tradition of cooperation gave peasants facing disaster a degree of empowerment, allowing them to cope with otherwise insuperable difficulties. As both a social and functional organization, mirs were flexible enough to adapt to social and economic changes. While peasants were activated by the democratic principle and collectivism, public opinion at the same time bound them to traditional ethics and norms. The Mir provided a foundation for Russian social institutions and exerts a far reaching historical influence.