客家社会大伯公信仰在东南亚的发展

Development of Grand Uncle Belief of Hakkas Society in Southeast Asia

从客家社会伯公与大伯公信仰谈起,追究其在传统天神、地与人鬼的信仰体系中的定位问题。客家社会的信仰文化不是单独存在,虽然"伯公"、"大伯公"等词的使用,是客家人特殊的用法,但是在信仰的内涵与意识上,还是整个汉人文化的延续与发扬。建构出客家社会大伯公的信仰体系,不是要标举其独特性,实际上也能彰扬出整个汉人社会鬼神崇拜下的深层观念系统。东南亚华人社会的族群结构是多元的,客家族群虽然人数众多,也无法避免与其它族群文化的相互融合,大伯公信仰正是族群融合重要的文化指针,其发展的趋势值得深入的探讨与研究。华人在东南亚的特殊文化生态中,民间信仰一直是主要的精神安顿力量,从大伯公、拿督公到本头公,虽然名称与形态有些出入,但是其消灾祈福的平安心愿是一致的。祭祀圈的形成不只是在共祀的集体活动上,更重要的是对"境"的向往与追求,"境"不是单一的,有神境、境与鬼境的形态之分,但是在信仰内涵上又经常的交流合一,有着"三位一体"的思想体系,明了了三境与一境间的互动关系,方能掌握到华人信仰文化的整体面貌。在东南亚华人的民族信仰,缺乏精致文化教养的环境,加上各国有意或无意的排华政策,压制了华人族群整体文化的维护与发扬,随着大传统的逐渐分离,小传统也是残缺不全,不仅外在器物文?

Starting from Grand Uncle belief of Hakkas society,the author looks into its position in traditional belief system of heavenly god,earthly god and ghost.The belief culture of Hakkas society does not exist alone.The use of Grand Uncle,Elder Grand Uncle as special usage of Hakkas society is after all the continuation and the development of the culture of whole Han ethnic group in intension and consciousness of the belief.To build the belief system of Grand Uncle of Hakkas society is not for marking its uniqueness;it can also display the deep conception system of the whole Han ethnic society under the worship of supernatural beings.The ethnic group structure of Southeast Asian Chinese is mutiple.Though the ethnic group of Hakkas in populated ,they can not refrain from fusion with culture of other ethnic groups.Grand Uncle belief is just an important cultural indicator of ethnic group fusion,the trend of its development deserves to be thoroughly discussed and studied.In the special cultural ecology of Southeast Asia,Chinese folk religious beliefs from Grand uncle,Grandpa Nadu to Grandpa Bentou are the main power for helping settle down their spirit,though there are some discrepancy in name and pattern.Their cherished desire for peace in getting rid of calamities and bringing happiness are just the same.Formation of worship circles is not only limited to the collective activity of worship together.Yearning for and seeking after the 'realm'are even more important.the'realm'is not single one,It has the patterns of the realm of heavenly god,the realm of earthly god and the realm of ghost;but it has a 'trinity'ideological system because of the three often interchanged into one in the intension of the belief.The whole appearance of Chinese belief culture can be grasped only by understanding the interaction between three realms and one realm.Chinese ethnic belief in Southeast Asia lacks environment of fine culture upbringing.Moreover,the policy of the discrimination against Chinese adopted by various Southeast Asian countries prevents Chinese ethnic group from upholding and carrying on their whole culture.Along with the gradual separation of Great Tradition,the little Tradition is also incomplete and fragmentary.Not only extrinsic artefact civilization has been missing,to uphold intrinsie spiritual civilization is also quite difficult.The original rural living system as inheritance from upper generation,from artefact level and social level to spiritual level,are all powerless to bestir themselves in reality.This phenomenon is perhaps unavoidable.