对“价值无涉”方法论的检讨——兼及马克斯·韦伯的学术失误

Review on the Methodology of "Value-free"--and Max Weber's Sociological Errors

“价值无涉”作为社会科学方法论是由马克斯·韦伯首先系统化地阐发的,韦伯把“实在”划分为“事实”与“价值”这样两种迥然相异的维度,前者属于科学认识的领地,由社会科学予以处理;后者则划归宗教信仰或者习俗成见之域,是社会政策所欲涉及调整的对象。两者必须分离或者保持距离,以免相互混淆。本文在详细分析“价值无涉”内涵的基础上,力图揭示韦伯提出这一研究原则的现实意图及其理论脉络,并发现他这一方法论运用的结果却导致了自己学术上的若干重大失误。

Value-free' as a methodology of social science was elucidated systematically by Max Weber firstly,Weber divided 'actuality' into two widely different dimensions: 'fact' and 'value';and the former as a kind of scientific knowledge is disposed by social science while the latter which belongs to religious believes is disposed by social policy. 'Fact' and 'value' must be divorced from each other in order to avoid being mixed up. Based on analyzing the implication'Value-free' in detail, this paper tries to announce Weber's temporal purpose and show up the theoretical context of 'Value-free', and consequently, we find that Max Weber earnestly practiced what he advocated, which brought about some serious errors in his own sociological studies.