土壤中重金属对人体生物有效性的体外试验评估

Advances in in vitro Tests in Evaluating Bioavailability of Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soil via Oral Intake

由于经由食物链进入人体的重金属的途径和危害已得到相当充分的认识,并开始得到有效的控制和削减,人体经口直接摄入土壤中的重金属已成为人体重金属总摄入量的重要来源。评估经口摄入重金属的人体生物有效性的传统方法是动物实验。与动物实验相比,体外试验具有实验周期短、费用低和结果重现性好等优点,且二者的实验结果具有很好的相关性。该文着重介绍体外试验的发展和现状,并简述其基本实验方法。该法不仅可通过评估土壤重金属的人体生物有效性,为制定更为全面地保障人体健康的土壤质量标准或清洁标准提供科学依据,而且可以用来快速评价污染土壤修复措施的效果。该法因其独特的优点在发达国家得到越来越多的重视和应用,因此,可以预期该法在我国土壤污染的风险评估和控制措施的评价中也将有较为广阔的应用前景。

As the intake routes and hazards to human health of heavy metals were well recognized,therefore the intake amount of heavy metals through foodchain has been effectively controlled and cut down. In many cases,oral ingested soil has become an important source of heavy metals in human. The traditional approach for estimating the bioavailability of heavy metals in oral ingested soil was animal (in vivo)test. Compared with animal test,in vitro test possesses several advantages including satisfactory replicability,time and cost effectiveness. Also,the results of in vitro tests showed well correlation to those of in vitro tests. The progress of development,current status and the methodology of in vitro tests in evaluating bioavailability of heavy metals in contaminated soil via oral intake were reviewed in this article. In vitro test could be used not only to estimate the bioavailability of heavy metals in soil in order to provide information for establishment of soil quality or clean-up criteria with regard to human health,but also to evaluate the effectiveness of soil remediation technologies. The in vitro test has been employed in many developed countries due to its above mentioned advantages. The use of in vitro test for screening of contaminated soil and evaluating the effectiveness of remediation technology is believed to be promising.