灌溉稻田水稻旱作技术要素及产量形成

Study on Non-blooding Farming Technique in Paddy Field:Technique Specification and Formation of Yield Components

研究灌溉稻田水稻旱作法旨在构建类似旱地作物高产的稻作技术体系,以旱作求节水、以高产求效益。水稻旱作法是吸取我国稻作传统技术、新应用技术及强化栽培技术之精华整合而成,其核心是限量用水、湿栽旱管与选用超级杂交稻、培育短龄壮秧带土移栽及稀植等4个要素。研究结果表明,灌溉稻田水稻旱作法的技术框架基本可行,收到了高产、节水与改善稻米品质的效果。超级杂交稻组合两优培九、协优9308的旱作产量达9～10 tha-1,节约用水45%,灌溉水利用率高达3.0～4.0 kgt-1,并提高稻米的加工品质与营养品质。但与常规灌溉水稻相比,旱作水稻的穗型变小,结实率与千粒重下降。因此,本旱作法的几个主要技术要素有待改进,如超稀植的程度与提高结实率的方法。初步提出“湿栽护苗、旱管培根、沟水育穗、干润防衰”的湿栽旱管、限量用水技术的16字诀,就灌溉田旱作稻产量形成的特点作了初步的描述。

Non-flooding farming technique in irrigated paddy field, which can be called Non-flooding rice farming(NFRF for short), is a new rice cultivating system. That is, to plant and cultivate rice in a wheat- cultivation way, and toachieve high economic benefits by both high yield potential and water use efficiency. The key points of the NFRF are: (1)limited water application, water-flooded-transplanting and non-flooding water management; (2)selection of super hybridrice; (3)short seedling duration and transplanting the seedling wrapped with nursery soil on its root; (4) larger-spacetransplanting. It was demonstrated that the NFRF was practicable, and some good effects could be acquired such as highgrain yield,water-saving and improved grain quality. A yield potential of 12-13 tha-1 for Liangyoupeijiu or Xieyou9308 wasproduced by NFRF with 45% less water usage, and a 3.0-4.0 kgm-3 high water efficiency. At the same time, panicle type,seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight were lower than that of the conventional irrigated rice farming (CIRF). Therefor, theNFRF component need improved, among which, the plant spacing and lower seed-setting rate are to be studied. Somespecial water management in main field and yield components were also discussed.