康德哲学的基础主义

Foundationalism in Kantian Philosophy

基础主义是西方知识论中的主流理论,有其渊远的源流与不同的表现形式。康德的先验哲学属于一种特殊类型的“建构性”的基础主义。它努力为知识寻求客观性与普遍必然性的根据。这种基础主义表现为将范畴作为基础的信念,论证范畴对非基础信念(判断、命题)的支持关系。在道德哲学中,它表现为道德的建构主义。康德的基础主义构成了现代性思维方式的一个要素,它凸现了范畴在思维中的根据作用,阐发了一种主动的、建构性的思维方式;其缺陷则在于作为基础信念的范畴过于绝对化。

Foundationalism, a mainstream in western philosophy, is long in history and various in forms. The transcendental Kantian philosophy subjects itself to a particular kind of ' constitutive' foundationalism, which attempts to provide knowledge with grounds of objectivity and universal necessity. The foundationalism of this sort presents itself in taking categories as the fundamental beliefs to demonstrate the support of categories for the non-fundamental beliefs (judgments, statements). In moral philosophy, it shows itself as moral constructivism. Kantian foundationalism becomes a vital element of the logic of modernity in that it highlights an active and constitutive way of thinking. Its defect, however, can be found in that the categories serving as the foundations are absolutized.