独尊儒术:并不因为董仲舒——纠正一种流传广泛而久远的误解

The Domination of Confucianism is not Caused by Dong Zhongshu ——A Correction of the Lasting Misconception

长期以来,董仲舒在中国文化发展史中扮演着"罢黜百家、独尊儒术"的罪魁祸首角色。董仲舒哲学中含有"大一统"的思想内容,但汉武帝实施罢尊政治韬略绝不可能仅起因于一介儒生的建议。从高祖到武帝时代,一批批既酷好儒术、又通达事变并富有远见卓识的儒学政治家,对儒学的意识形态化立下了汗马功劳,且这种作用一定远远超出了任何醇儒学者的能力范围。"天人三策"的影响在学术而不在政治,在当时所起到的作用并不如后世学者所虚构的那么深远。武帝之后,儒学未获独尊,百家也没遭致罢黜。整个汉时乃至历代所有帝王君主,其治国施政的策略和手段一贯都是王霸兼用、儒法并采的,在具体的政治操作过程中,几乎从来就没有真正实现过"独尊儒术"。

Dong Zhongshu had been regarded as the first advocate of the domination of Confucianism. In Han dynasty, Han Wudi took the policy to promote Confucianism while abolishing others. The legacy of Confucianism can be traced far back, as the politicians of the emperors endeavored to keep it superior. As a humble scholar, Dong Zhongshu's three successful answers to Han Wudi's inquiries could not have great impact on the latter's policy. However, Confucianism had not yet gained the dominating position and other scholars' ideas had not been abolished either under the reign of Han Wudi or thereafter in the long history of China.