经上级机关批准的行政行为的被告确定问题再研究——也谈《若干问题解释》第19条规定的适用

Restudy on Determining the Defendant in Administrative Litigation

由于行政管理的复杂性与行政实体法律法规规定的不完善,批准一词在实践中往往在多种意义上被使用,《若干问题解释》第19条仅以署名与否为标准确定经上级机关批准的行政行为的被告不尽符合行政法理论。科学的做法是,对需要批准的行政行为先从行政职权与法律后果的角度区别所谓的批准究竟是内部审批行为还是行政许可行为,在此基础上分别情形结合署名标准确定被告。

The word ' approval' is used in several meanings in practice, because of the complexity of administrative management and deficiencies of substantive administrative regulations. Article 19 of judicial interpretation on administrative litigation law says that we shall determine which administrative agency to be the defendant in litigation basing on whether the upper agency has put its signature on the decision. This way of determining the defendant is not in line with the theory of administrative law. To determine which agency is the defendant, we should decide whether an administrative act is inner examination and approval from the angle of administrative power and legal consequence firstly.