全球变化研究中的“科学政治化”倾向——以美国气候政策为例

Political Contents of the Global Change Studies: Taking the Policies on Climate of US as an Example

在国际社会为防止、适应全球变化的努力中 ,会涉及到国家、地方和民族的诸多利益。全球变化研究成为与国家安全、食物供应、水资源、温室气体排放、人类健康等问题密切相关的社会问题。美国为国际全球变化研究做出了突出的贡献 ,但当国际气候框架与其国内经济发展出现冲突时 ,美国的气候政策也开始了以保障国内经济发展和企业利益的调整 ,作为国家支持的全球变化研究也需要针对这些调整而不断修正研究方向和关注重点 ,为有利于美国的政治和政策服务 ,表现出了明显的“科学政治化”倾向。本文分析了美国自 2 0 0 1年 3月退出《京都议定书》以来的一系列的政策和研究支持的调整 ,尤其对美国的《京都议定书》替代方案《晴朗天空与全球气候变化行动》进行了深入的分析。根据这些分析 ,可以对国际全球变化研究与国家政治和利益的关系有一个总体的了解 。

The efforts that the international society dealing with the global environmental problems are sometimes been linked with the benefits of a country, a region or a nation. The global change studies are now been involved in some key social problems, such as national security, food supplying, water resource, GHGs emission, human health, etc. The United States has contributed much to the international researches on global change. While the international frameworks clash with the national economic development of U.S., the White House began to adjust its climatic policies to the national and enterprise benefits. Soon the research funds and focuses are modified in order to provide information supports for the politics and climatic policies. Analyzed the changes of the U.S. policies on climate since the White House addressed the new climate policy instead of the Kyoto Protocol which named 'Clear Skies & Global Climate Change Initiatives' in February, 2002. In the new policy, U.S. Government combined economic development in the reduction of green house gases emission. The paper reviewed the background and driving factors of these changes, and also gave some suggestions for the emission reduction, scientific studies and policy making on global change in China at the end.