西周郊天礼考辨二题

Two Questions in Jiaotian Etiquette in Western Zhou Dynasty

关于西周的郊天礼,郑玄出于其"六天说"和"感生说",认为郊天与圜丘祀天有别:郊天是祭五帝,圜丘祀天是祭至上帝。王肃否认郑玄的"六天说"和"感生说",认为天唯一而己,不得有六,郊天与圜丘祀天是一回事。又郑、王两家皆以为行郊天礼必于国郊,且有坛。至于举行郊天礼的时间,郑玄以为圜丘祀至上帝在冬至,而郊祭五帝在夏历正月。王肃则提出所谓冬至、启蛰二郊说。礼书中还有立春郊之说。其实西周时期并无所谓圜丘祀天之礼,祭天唯郊礼而已。行郊礼也并非在国郊,"郊"字只可作祭名看,且行郊礼也不一定有坛。西周时期行郊礼时间的常制是在周历四月、夏历二月。冬至郊、立春郊,或启蛰郊之说,不过是据后世历法以推周制,并非周礼之实录。

Zheng Xuan considered the etiquette of jjiao tian (jiao tian was a special ceremony of offering sacrifice to God in ancient China) was different form offering sacrifices to God in round hillock according to his hypothesis of six Gods and pregnancy of God' essentials:the former offered sacrifices to five Gods while the latter,to lofty God.Wang Su,who didn't agree with Zheng Xuan,thought there was only one God and jiao tian and offering sacrifices to God in round hillock were just the same.In addition,Zheng Xuan and Wang Su both considered the etiquette should be hold on altar in the suburbs of capital.As to the time,Zheng Xuan believed offering sacrifices to God in round hillock should be done in the Winter Solstice,and offering sacrifices to Five Gods,in January of Xia Dynasty's calendar.However,Wang Su put forward the viewpoint that the etiquette should be hold in the Winter Solstice and the Waking of Insects.Some books about rite said that jiao tian happened in the Beginning of Spring.In fact,there was not so-called the etiquette of offering sacrifices to God in round hillock in Western-Zhou Dynasty ,Jiao tian hadn't been held in the suburbs of capital,'jiao' was just the name of offering sacrifices to God,and the place where we holded it wasn't always the altar.During the period of Western-Zhou Dynasty the conventional time of holding jiao tian was in April of Zhou Dynasty's calendar,i.e.February of Xia Dynasty's calendar.The etiquette of jiao tian in the Winter Solstice,in the Beginning of Spring or in the Waking of Insects,was only conjectures to the Zhou Dynasty's system of offering sacrifices to God,which was obviously not the authentic records.