股骨近端骨折的治疗

The treatment of proximal femoral fracture

股骨近端包括股骨头、股骨颈及股骨的转子。受到间接旋转外力时容易造成股骨颈和转子部位的骨折。保守治疗并发症发生率和死亡率较高,近年来更多医生主张行早期内固定治疗。目前国际上治疗股骨颈骨折的首选方法是空心加压螺钉内固定,适用于骨质较好、基底和经颈型骨折、头下型骨折中Garden分型Ⅰ、Ⅱ及部分Ⅲ型患者。转子间骨折相对稳定,但为了更好的促进骨折愈合,避免并发症,现多采用内固定治疗。动力性髋螺钉(dynamichipscrew,DHS)适用于A0转子部骨折分型中A1型、部分A2型和A3型骨折,其中A1型是最佳适应证。股骨近端髓内钉(proximalfemoralnail,PFN)适用于股骨转子间骨折、股骨转子间反向骨折和高位股骨转子下骨折。对于70岁以上、较严重的骨质疏松、AO分型为A2-3、A3-3的粉碎骨折,我们自行设计的人工特制股骨上端假体置换手术,取得了满意的疗效。

Proximal femur consists of femoral head, femoral neck and trochanter. The neck and trochanteric parts of femur are easy to get fractured under conbolution forces. As the conservative treatment tends to cause high rates of complication and mortality, more and more surgeons vote for early internal fixation in recent years. The best treatment for femoral neck fracture is now internal fixation with cannulate screws, especially for the patients with good bone density, fundus and intertrochanteric fractures as well as the type I, type Ⅱand part of type Ⅲfractures in Gardon's classification. Although intertrochanteric fractures are relatively stable, but internal fixation is necessary for good results and prevention of complications. DHS(dynamic hip screw)are advisable for A1, part of A2 and A3 intertrochanteric fractures in AO classification, especially for A1 cases. PFN (proximal femoral nail) is designed for intertrochanteric fractures, inversion and elevation intertrochanteric fractures. In order to get better prognosis in patients older than 70 years and with serious osteoporosis and A2 3, A3 3 fractures, we designed a special kind of prosthesis for them and therefore get satisfactory results.