苏联技术向中国转移的特点及其影响

The Characteristics and influence of the technology transfer from the Soviet Union to the P. R. China during 1950s

20世纪50年代至60年代初,苏联技术向中国进行了一次成功的转移。这次技术转移是一种混合式的技术转移,一种属于社会主义大家庭内部的有偿的技术转移。它通过三种途径得以实现———援建工业项目、进行科学技术合作、帮助建立和调整高等院校以及中等技术学校并吸收大量留学生和进修生。本文分析了这次技术转移的特点及其对中国的影响,认为它所转移的技术基本上比较先进,符合中国国情,大致上属于适宜技术,是新中国长期的技术老本。文章得出如下结论:这次技术转移推动了现代技术向中国进行大规模的、系统的、水平较高的转移,奠定了中国现代技术和工业化的基础,初步构建了比较完整的现代技术和工业体系,带动了科学研究的发展,形成"以任务带学科"的发展模式,对20世纪中国社会发展产生了深远的影响。

From 1950s to the beginning of 1960s, one successful technology transfer from Soviet Union to the P. R. China happened. This technology transfer was a kind of mixed one in the family of socialism and China had paid a lot of money for it. It had been finished by three ways——helping China to found industrial program, cooperating with China in the field of science and technology, helping China to establish and adjust university, college and secondary technology school and absorbing a great many Chinese student abroad and refresher student. This paper analyzed the characteristics and influence of this technology transfer from Soviet Union to the P. R. China and thought that the technology from the Soviet Union is basically advanced, appropriate and accord with the Chinese condition. It also reacts in China for a long term. In the end, the author draws the conclusions as follow: this technology transfer had driven and accelerated the systemic transfer of modern technology to china in a large scale and high level; laid a foundation for modernization and industrialization of China; basically constructed relative integrated modern technology and industry system; driven the development of science research; formed the development model of driving subject by assignment; had a great influence on society of 20~th in China.