周代私营手工业类型略论

Briefly Discussing the Type of Privately-run Handicraft Industry in Zhou Dynasty

西周时期私营手工业主要有独立小手工业、家庭手工业、大私营手工业三种类型。独立手工业在西周时的数量恐怕有限,只是极少数从农业生产中分离出来而从事的小规模的经营,春秋战国以后,才有了一定的发展;家庭手工业主要以家庭副业的形式反映出来;大型私营手工业在春秋战国时得到了较充分的发展,主要集中在冶铸、煮盐、开采丹砂等方面,对这些大型手工业,专制国家往往采取抽税的办法进行管理。

The privately run handicraft industry in West Zhou Dynasty principally covers independent small sized handicraft industry, home-based handicraft industry and large sized handicraft industry. The number of independent handicraft industry in West Zhou Dynasty seemed not to be great.Home-based handicraft industry was mainly manifested as household sideline production. The families engaged in this kind of production did not depended on this as chief living resources. They just operated these production during the slack season. Large scale privately run handicraft industry achieved a comparatively full development during the Spring Autumn Period and Warring States Period, with the main focuses on smelting and founding, salt refinery, mercury extraction. At that time the authoritarian governments managed these businesses by taxation.