正朔、正统与正闰

The Orthodox Calendar、the Legitimacy and the Orthodox Leap

三代正朔所强调的合法性其针对点主要是被取代的前朝 ,至中古始发生变化。正朔所代表的合法性重心 ,由针对前朝转向针对他国。正朔首先是一种制度、行为 ,但它又的确包含有一种观念、意向。这样正朔就由原来的制度而逐渐派生出一种观念 ,即“正统论”。“正统”之义本出于血统 ,最初为一礼制之规定 ,而非政治之观念。作为宗法制度之政治实践与作为伦理观念之史书义例 ,正统两义之区分实不容忽视或抹杀。如果把后者称为“正统论” ,前者不妨称为“正统制”。

During the Three Periods,the validity and the point emphasized by the orthodox calendar was mainly the substituted pre-dynasty.It began to change in mediaeval times.The validity focus incarnated by the orthodox calendar had turned from the pre-dynasty to other countries.First of all,the orthodox calendar was the institution and the behavior,while it did include a concept and an intent.In this way,the orthodox calendar derived a notion from the primary institution gradually.This was “the theory of legitimacy”.The signification of “the theory of legitimacy”was originated from ancestry.Originally “the theory of legitimacy”was the provision of the convenance institutions,not the political idea.The political practice as the patriarchal clan system and the stylistic rules in the history records as the ethical conception were dissimilar.The division between them really couldn’t be ignored or obliterated.If we called the latter“the theory of legitimacy”,we should name the former “the institution of legitimacy”.