资源枯竭城市衍生灾害问题探讨

Discussion on the problems of derived calamities in the resource-exhausted cities

随着时间的推移,我国将有大量的各类矿业城市资源全部或部分枯竭。在资源枯竭过程中会产生大量新的衍生灾害。文中介绍了资源枯竭城市继续大规模损毁土地、岩层结构抗震性能降低、水资源流失、塌陷区积水、废旧地下采场积水形成地下暗湖、固体废矿渣积存污染、有害气体污染、大型露天矿闭坑后对环境影响等主要衍生灾害类型和现象;分析了资源枯竭城市衍主灾害国内外的研究现状和发展趋势;根据灾害现象,探讨了资源枯竭城市地层结构,水、气循环系统,生态系统与降雨(雪)、地震、地应力场调整等多种、多相复杂环境耦合作用而导致灾害的原理;提出了研究资源枯竭城市衍生灾害演化的复杂巨系统模型,多相、多场耦合作用下大面积采动地层结构演变与灾变机理,地表及地下水系破坏动态演化机理及地下水的污染、扩散与迁移规律以及废弃矿山有害气体生成、迁移、致灾机理及控制等几方面科学技术难题;该科学难题具有非线性、随机性、复杂性等特点,须深入开展以现代科学交叉、融合为特征,以现代高新技术为标志的资源枯竭城市衍生灾害机理与控制的基础理论研究,为科学有效地防灾减灾、保护环境提供理论基础。

As time goes on, the resource of most mining industry cities in our country will be exhausted or partly exhausted. And a large number of new derived calamities will occur in these mining industry cities during the course of resource drying up. Firstly, the paper introduces the main types and phenomena of derived calamities:long-term mining activities have sevevely changed the structure of resource-exhausted rock strata, and its ability to resist earthquake is weakened; a large number of solid waste that mining left over not only spoil more cultivated land, but also cause water resource and air pollution; moreover, the resource-exhausted city has large area of subsidence basin on the ground and large volume of goaves under ground that may cause the severe water resource calamity. And then, the authors analyze the domestic and international current research situation and trend about derived calamities of mining industry cities. According to the calamity phenomenon, this paper discusses the principle of various complicated environments, including stratum configuration, water and air circulatory system, adjustment of ground stress field, ecosystem, etc, coupled to cause calamities. Finally, several scientifice and technical difficult problems about derived calamities are put forward. These problems include:the establishing of huge system model to study the evolving process of derived calamity; the evolving process of mining stratum structure under coupled various circumstances; the dynamic evolving principle of ground surface and underground water system; the pollution, diffusion and transfer rules of groundwater; the harmful air generation mechanism in the abandoned mine, and so on. All those problems have the characters of nonlinear, randomicity and complexity. To provide the theoritic foundation for preventing the derived calamities and protecting the environment, those problems should be studied thoroughly.