病原微生物和水处理

Pathogenic microorganisms and water treatment

人类许多疾病可通过水来传播,而水传播疾病的爆发会对社会构成很大威胁。饮用水处理的目的正是提供给人们安全无病菌的饮用水。简要介绍了病原微生物的特点、对人类健康的危害性,比较了不同消毒剂对病原微生物的灭活作用,提出了去除病原微生物的工艺。引起疾病的微生物种类很多,包括细菌、病毒和原生动物,后者如隐孢子虫和贾第虫等。为灭活病原微生物,除了优化常规水处理工艺外,可采用臭氧、二氧化氯、紫外线、膜滤法等,当隐孢子虫卵囊的污染严重时,还应考虑附加处理工艺。

A number of infectious diseases of man can be transmitted by water-borne route, whereas outbreaks of water-borne diseases can lead to significant threat. The primary goal of drinking water treatment is just to protect public health by providing safe water that is free of microbial pathogens. This paper describs the characteristics of pathogens, the risk on public health and the water treatment processes for inactivating these pathogens. Pathogenic microorganisms of importance in water industry mainly are bacteria, virus and protozoa,such as cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and Giardia, etc. In addition to conventional treatment processes, the multiple barrier approaches to inactivate microbial pathogens include ozonation, chlorine dioxide, UV and membrane filtration. An additional treatment is needed to deal with cryptosporidium parvum oocysts if its contamination is serious.