广东潮安象埔寨民居平面构成及形制雏探

RESEARCH ON THE PLAN AND FORMATION OF THE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF XIANGPU VILLAGE

象埔寨位于广东潮安县古巷镇古一乡。寨为一方形大寨,座西向东偏北30°。相传始建于宋,但建筑多为明、清年代所建。寨后部中央为宗祠,其余为民宅。本寨建筑布局严谨规整,内部布置有"三街六巷七十二厝"。住房全属陈氏家族,寨门有匾"象埔寨",上款"壬戌之秋",乃清同治元年(1862)重修,下款"颖川郡立",说明本寨陈氏祖先乃河南中原南迁而来。全寨由东大门进出,进门后有通道直通宗祠。通道两侧,各有三条平行的巷。寨门到宗祠,共有南北横贯三条街,共三街六巷。寨四周为封闭围墙,除东门外,其余三面不设门。象埔寨民居类型多,按平面分有19种类型。实际上,按面宽分,只三开间、五开间两种形式。按进深分,只四点金、爬狮和从厝等三种形式。不同面宽、进深、加上不同房间尺寸以及建筑平面内部的不同组合,就组成了丰富的平面类型。象埔寨规划和建筑有如下几个特点:1)建筑规整、道路整齐;2)平面类型丰富,组合模数化;3)寨内前低后高,排水系统畅通,家家有水井;4)外观朴实。门楼高出,有一定雄壮和严肃感。象埔寨平面构成形制,符合本地民间营造丈竿法规定。

Xiangpu Village is located in Chaoan county of Guangdong Province.It is a large square-shaped village the east 30°by the north.It is said that the village was built in the Song Dynasty,but most of the remaining dwellings today were built in the Ming and the Qing Dynasties.The village is arranged in a neat and strict order.There are three streets, six passages and seventy-two houses in the village.The residents all belong to the Chen clan whose ancestry came from Henan province in the central plains.The Ancestral Hall is set in the center of the village close to the rear.The entrance gate,which was rebuilt in 1862,is situated in the east of the village with walls surrounding it. There are nineteen types of dwellings in Xiangpu Village.But in fact,according to the dwelling's width,it may be divided into two forms:the'three-major-room'form and the' five-major-room'form and according to the dwelling's length,it may be divided into three forms:the'four-point-gold form,the'Pau-lion'form and the'eong-cao'form,The different widths,lengths and scales of the dwellings constitute the various forms of the vernacular ar- chitecture. There are four characteristics in the plan and architecture of Xiangpu Village.1)neat architecture and orderly street planning;2)diversified and modular forms;3)lower in the front and higher at the rear with a good drainage system and a well in the courtyard of every househoid;4)plain apparance but with the gate raised high lending extra grandeur. Such a unique form is suited to the methods of measurement used in the local construc- tion.