花马礼:16—19世纪中缅边界的主权之争

Huamali: A Dispute between China and Burma During the 16th Century and the 19th Century

本文系统研究了明代后期和清代困扰中缅关系的中国部分边境土司给缅甸王朝送“花马礼”的问题 ,认为花马礼起源于 16世纪后期缅甸东吁王朝的扩张 ,到清代 ,送花马礼的土司主要是车里和孟连 ;花马礼之废 ,则在缅甸雍籍牙王朝灭亡时。从清王朝和土司的态度来说 ,花马礼主要是中央王朝对边疆地区的控制不严和缅甸王朝对中国边疆土司事务的干涉而沿袭下来的 ,但花马礼的存在 ,并不意味着边境部分土司的“两属” ,而是反映了清代国家观念和周边国家传统观念的不一致所产生的主权争端。

The paper systematically studies the problem that some “Tusi” in China's borderland of Yunnan province presented gifts to the king of Burma during the period from the later stage of Ming Dynasty to Qing Dynasty. This problem nagged Sino-Burma relationship. Huamali originated in the later part of the 16th century when the king of Burma expanded, and was abolished when Yongjiya Dynasty of Burma perished. That the central government had a loose control over the borderland and that the king of Burma interfered with the affairs of “Tusi” in borderland of China's Yunnan were the reasons of Huamali existence. Huamli did not mean that these “Tusi” belonged to both China and Burma, but reflected the dispute of sovereignty which was formed by the differently traditional concepts of state between Qing Dynasty and China's neighboring countries.