论明代官私工商业经济的演变

On The Changes Of The Government and Privately Owned Industry and Commerce Economic

明初官营工商业控制了绝大部分战略物资的生产,以此作为支撑王朝运转的物质基础。明中后期私营工商业日益发展并取代官营工商业后,明廷也逐渐由控制实物向征收货币转化。

At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the government owned industry and commerce controlled most of the strategy materials, and made it the material base for supporting its running. After the mid-post Ming Dynasty, the privately owned industry and commerce developed so fast that it took the place of the government owned one. Therefore, the Ming government gradually charged money directly instead of material objects for tax.