小胶质细胞在阿尔茨海默病中相关作用的研究进展

Research Progress of Microglia Related Role in Alzheimer’s Disease

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)是老年痴呆的一种,起病隐匿,是一种进展性神经退行性疾病,也是最常见的痴呆形式,临床表现主要为进行性记忆力丧失、认知功能障碍、精神和行为异常,会逐渐发展至日常生活功能受损,最终生活完全不能自理,对家属的依赖性增加,加大年轻人的负担,同时也加大社会的负担。它与年龄相关,随着当前全球老龄化趋势的增加,其患病人数也随之增加,AD正快速地影响着全人类健康。AD发病机制复杂,近年来,发病机制的研究越来越关注免疫平衡和细胞稳态的调控,人类遗传学数据表明小胶质细胞(microglia, MG)在AD的复杂的发病机制中起着重要作用。小胶质细胞作为脑内主要的免疫细胞,其功能和活化状态是影响AD进展的一个决定性因素。它具有双重特性,能维持脑内微环境的稳态,既可以释放促炎症因子进一步损伤神经元,又可以释放抗炎因子,通过免疫反应提高其吞噬能力,维持着脑环境的稳态。由于小胶质细胞在AD的发生发展以及进行的过程中起着举足轻重的作用,所以对小胶质细胞进行细致的研究还是很有意义的。本文将近年来小胶质细胞在AD发病中的研究进展进行归纳总结,为AD的临床治疗提供新的理论依据。

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a kind of senile dementia with insidious onset, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, is also the most common form of dementia. Its clinical manifestations are mainly progressive memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, mental and behavioral abnormalities. AD will gradually develop to impairment of daily life function. In the end, they are unable to take care of themselves completely, and their dependence on their families increases, which increases the burden of young people and the society at the same time. It is related to age. With the increasing trend of global aging, the number of patients with AD is also increasing. AD is rapidly affecting the health of all mankind. The pathogenesis of AD is complex. In recent years, studies on the pathogenesis have focused more and more on the regulation of immune balance and cell homeostasis. Human genetic data indicate that microglia (MG) plays an important role in the complex pathogenesis of AD. As the main immune cells in the brain, microglia’s function and activation state is a decisive factor affecting the progression of AD. It has dual characteristics, can maintain the homeostasis of the brain microenvironment, can release pro-inflammatory factors to further damage neurons, and can release anti-inflammatory factors, through the immune response to improve its phagocytosis, maintain the homeostasis of the brain. Since microglia play an important role in the development and progression of AD, it is of great significance to conduct a detailed study on microglia. In this paper, the research progress of microglia in the pathogenesis of AD in recent years was summarized to provide a new theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of AD.