新生儿高胆红素血症病因研究进展

Research Progress in Etiology of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia

新生儿高胆红素血症是新生儿出生后需住院治疗的最常见病因,也是新生儿时期再次入院的主要原因,其是由血清胆红素的产生和消除之间的不平衡引起的,主要是红细胞分解的结果。新生儿高胆红素血症为多因素多基因参与的疾病,包括孕母妊娠期并发症、早产、新生儿感染、基因、种族地域及不明原因等。新生儿高胆红素血症通过光疗等积极有效处理得到缓解,但仍可见病情进展造成不可逆的严重后果,如重度高胆红素血症引起胆红素脑病,即未结合胆红素穿过血脑屏障,可留下脑瘫、智力发育受损和神经性耳聋等不可逆神经系统损伤,甚至危机患儿生命。因此,明确新生儿高胆红素血症的常见病因,为早期筛查、积极预防及及时诊断提供有效依据,降低其发生率。

Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is the most common cause of hospitalization after birth, and also the main cause of readmission during the neonatal period. It is caused by the imbalance between the production and elimination of serum bilirubin, which is mainly the result of erythrocyte decompo-sition. Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is a disease involving multiple factors and genes, including maternal complications during pregnancy, premature delivery, neonatal infection, genes, race, re-gion and unknown causes. Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia has been relieved through active and effec-tive treatment such as phototherapy, but it can still be seen that the progress of the disease has caused irreversible serious consequences. For example, severe hyperbilirubinemia causes bilirubin encephalopathy, that is, unconjugated bilirubin crosses the blood-brain barrier, which can leave ir-reversible nervous system damage such as cerebral palsy, impaired intellectual development and neurogenic deafness, and even endanger the lives of children. Therefore, we need to identify the common causes of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, provide effective basis for early screening, active prevention and timely diagnosis, and reduce its incidence.