外泌体在医学领域的应用

Application of Exosomes in Medical Field

外泌体是一种存在于细胞外囊泡中的物质,且其含有多种成分,如蛋白质、脂质和核酸等,是一种双磷脂膜囊泡。外泌体几乎由人体所有的细胞分泌,在各种体液中都能检测到,在细胞间的连接中占有举足轻重的地位。外泌体的作用表现为细胞间的连接,免疫调节,信号传导细胞的再生和分化,形成血管,凋亡,呈递抗原等。并且外泌体所含成分具有明显的特异性,利用此特性,如癌症及病毒感染、多囊卵巢症候群等,其可视为疾病的生物标记,作为诊断之用。外泌体也曾尝试作为载体,将药物输送出去,如一些抗肿瘤药的应用。外泌体在疾病中行使的功能使它在临床上的应用具有很大的优越性。本文主要从外泌体的发现、及其在相关疾病(皮肤创面修复,阿尔茨海默病,肿瘤治疗)的研究进展这2个方面加以阐述。

Exosomes are substances existing in extracellular vesicles, and they contain a variety of compo-nents, such as protein, lipid and nucleic acid. They are double phospholipid membrane vesicles. The exosomes are secreted by almost all cells of the human body, can be detected in various body fluids, and play an important role in the connection between cells. The functions of exosomes include cell to cell connection, immune regulation, regeneration and differentiation of signal transduction cells, formation of blood vessels, apoptosis, antigen presentation, etc. In addition, the components con-tained in the exosomes have obvious specificity. With this characteristic, such as cancer, virus infec-tion, polycystic ovary syndrome, etc., they can be regarded as biomarkers of diseases for diagnosis. The exosomes have also tried to be used as carriers to deliver drugs, such as the application of some anti-tumor drugs. The function of exocrine body in disease makes it have great advantages in clini-cal application. This article mainly discusses the discovery of exocrine body and its research pro-gress in related diseases (skin wound repair, Alzheimer’s disease, tumor treatment).