外泌体在胃癌诊疗中的前景

Prospects of Exosomes in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastric Cancer

胃癌是人群中常见的消化道恶性肿瘤,早期胃癌大多无明显特异性的症状,当症状明显时,大多已进入晚期,因此早期做出诊断是胃癌预后的重中之重。外泌体(Exosomes)定义为一种直径在30~100纳米的细胞外囊泡,几乎所有的细胞都可以分泌。外泌体起初被发现时认为是用来排出细胞代谢产物的“垃圾桶”,随着近年来研究的不断深入,发现其还可传输一些生物活性分子(包括蛋白质、脂质和核酸)进行细胞间交流的重要途径。胃癌细胞与其肿瘤微环境通过外泌体建立联系,影响癌细胞的发展、转移、血管的生成和耐药。在本综述中,我们总结了目前发现的一些外泌体在胃癌中的作用机制,并对其诊疗前景做出展望。Gastric cancer is a common gastrointestinal malignancy in the population. Most of the early gastric cancers have no obvious specific symptoms, and when the symptoms are obvious, most of them are already in advanced stages, so making early diagnosis is the most important for the prognosis of gastric cancer. Exosomes are defined as extracellular vesicles with a diameter of 30~100 nm, which can be secreted by almost all cells. Exosomes were initially discovered as a “garbage can” for excreting cellular metabolites, but in recent years, they have also been found to be an important means of intercellular communication for transporting some bioactive molecules including proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Gastric cancer cells are linked to their tumor microenvironment through exosomes, which influence cancer cell development, metastasis, angiogenesis, and drug resistance. In this review, we summarize some of the mechanisms of exosomes’ roles in gastric cancer identified so far and provide an outlook on their diagnosis and treatment prospects.