《1844年经济学哲学手稿》异化劳动理论的经济伦理意蕴

Economic Ethical Connotation of Alienated Labor Theory in Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844

《1844年经济学哲学手稿》(以下简称《手稿》)创作至今已经过去了整整175周年。马克思既是资产阶级经济伦理思想的批判者和终结者,又是无产阶级经济伦理思想的奠基人。在《手稿》中马克思把经济学与哲学结合起来研究,从当时的资本主义私有制社会经济现实入手对国民经济学和资本主义生产进行深刻剖析逐步认识到非人的劳动生产关系本质,创造性的提出“异化劳动”理论。对资本主义生产中存在的异化劳动关系进行了伦理的审视和批判,认为劳动应该是人的自由、自觉的活动才是人类劳动“应然”的伦理本质,同时它应该成为人们合理追求的道德目标和基本要素,而不能仅仅当作实现目标的手段。对雇佣劳动者等经济活动主体给予了深切的伦理关怀,对资本家阶级进行了深刻的道德谴责和伦理批判,他认为社会主义应当把经济发展与道德进步和谐统一起来。这些经济伦理思想对当下的中国仍具有重要的现实价值。

The 175th anniversary of the creation of “Manuscript of Economics and Philosophy in 1844” (hereinafter referred to as “Manuscript”) has passed. Marx is not only the critic and terminator of bourgeois economic ethics, but also the founder of proletarian economic ethics. In the “Manuscript”, Marx combined economics and philosophy to study;starting from the capitalist private ownership socio-economic reality at that time, he conducted a deep analysis of national economics and capitalist production. He gradually realized the nature of the non-human labor-production relationship and creatively proposed the theory of “alienated labor”. He conducted an ethical review and criticism of the alienated labor relations in capitalist production, and believed that labor should be human’s free and conscious activity is the ethical nature of human labor “as it should be”, and at the same time, it should become the morality that people reasonably pursue Goals and basic elements, not just as a means to achieve goals. He gave deep ethical care to economic activity subjects such as hired laborers, and carried out profound moral condemnation and ethical criticism of the capitalist class. He believed that socialism should harmoniously unify economic development and moral progress. These economic and ethical thoughts still have important practical value for the current China.