从“他者”的历程看伦理学重建

On Ethics Reconstruction from the Perspective of the Evolution of the Other

尼采将主体性原则推到了极致,造成的唯我论对传统伦理学带来了沉重的打击。萨特将我与他人关系认定为两个存在之间的关系,在批判了前人的基础上,认为我与他人之间是一种互相凝视的关系,双方在相互超越中获得自由。列维纳斯认为伦理学先于存在论,他者是不可还原的对象也是绝对无限者。列维纳斯将他者从传统的主客关系中解放了出来,使自我中心主义得到了修正,同时也让传统的价值观念有了新的立足点。不过由于他的理论中充满了激进的思想也引起了很大的争议。

Nietzsche drove the principle of subjectivity to its peak, resulting in the problem of solipsism which brought a heavy blow to traditional ethics. Later, Sartre, viewing the relationship between me and others as the relationship between two beings and critically inheriting the former theories, regarded the relationship between me and others as a kind of mutual gaze, believing that both sides could obtain freedom in the process of mutual transcendence. Levinas, however, held that ethics should have priority over ontology, and the others were both an irreducible object and an absolutely infinite one. Levinas liberated the other from the traditional relationship between subject and object, which modified egocentrism and provided a new theoretical basis for the traditional values. Nevertheless, filled with radical ideas, his theory also aroused considerable controversy.