阿多诺晚期资本主义个人批判

Adorno’s Critique of Individual under the Late Capitalism

从西方历史上“个人”一词的起源及演变说起,阿多诺指出,“个人”这一概念的现代意义最早出现在文艺复兴——哈姆雷特标志着现代个人(资产阶级意义上)的诞生。在他看来,个人是指有持续的反思能力、具有自我意识的个体存在,它不同于康德的先验主体的观点,它以非同一性的方式把握着经验的世界,因此阿多诺认为他的个人观是对康德主体观的颠覆。从个体心理学的层面,阿多诺剖析了晚期资本主义社会中的“自恋的自我”,说明了法西斯主义的宣传是如何得逞的,也解释了大众社会之所以形成及存在的方式。在晚期资本主义社会,真正的个人已经消亡。把握阿多诺对晚期资本主义“个人”的剖析,是我们深入理解其晚期资本主义批判的必要途径。

Through the origin and development of the word “individual” in the west, Adorno points out that the modern meaning of “individual” appeared in the Renaissance—Hamlet is the symbol of modern individual (on the sense of bourgeois). In Adorno’s eyes, as the personal being who has the ability of persistent reflection and self-consciousness, “individual” that is different from Kant’s “transcendental subject”, grasps the experiential world through the non-identity. In the sense of individual psychology, through analyzing “the narcissistic ego” under the late capitalism, Adorno interprets the way of Fascist’s propaganda and the mass society’s existence. In late capitalist society, the real individual is disappearing. Grasping Adorno’s analysis of “individual” under the late capitalism would necessarily benefit us from understanding his critique of late capitalism.