从判断到判断力:一种互文式的批判性解读

From Judgment to Urteilskraft: An Intertextual Critical Interpretation

判断力是伽达默尔人文科学的四个主导概念之一,然而,由于人们对判断这个名词随意的使用,长期以来,与其相关联的判断力并没有得到应有的重视。判断一词在感觉、知觉、表象、概念、判断、推理的认知序列中起着至关重要的作用,它是“知识的一跃”,不经历判断的环节就不能形成知识。在康德那里,判断是先天综合判断,而判断力实际上是一种先天直观能力。康德将一般判断力区分为规定性的判断力和反思性的判断力,并将前者与知识的形成对应起来,将后者局限于艺术和审美的领域,这实际上倒退回了休谟综合命题的水平。康德对判断力的分析是不彻底的,遭到了伽达默尔的批评。伽达默尔认为规定性的判断力和反思性的判断力二者是沟通的,其实质问题都是一般与个别的关系。在伽达默尔看来,反思性的判断力不仅仅能够运用于艺术和审美的领域,而且也可以运用于所有实践领域乃至认识领域。在这一点上,伽达默尔超越了康德。

Urteilskraft is one of the four dominant concepts in Gadamer’s Humanities. However, due to the casual use of the term judgment, the Urteilskraft associated with it has not received the attention it deserves for a long time. The judgment plays a crucial role in the cognitive sequence of sensation, perception, representation, concept, judgment and reasoning. It is a “leap of knowledge”, because that knowledge cannot be formed without the link of judgment. In Kant, judgment is a synthetic judgment a priori, and Urteilskraft is actually a faculty of intuition a priori. Kant divided the general judgment into prescriptive judgment and reflective judgment, corresponded the former to the formation of knowledge, and restricted the latter to the field of art and aesthetics, which actually went back to the level of Hume’s synthetic proposition. Kant’s analysis of judgment was incomplete and was criticized by Gadamer. Gadamer thinks that prescriptive judgment and reflective judgment are communicative, and the essential problem is the relationship between the general and the individual. In Gadamer’s opinion, reflective judgment can be applied not only in the field of art and aesthetics, but also in all fields of practice and even knowledge. Gadamer surpasses Kant in this respect.