论马克思历史唯物主义中的历史哲学

Philosophy of History in Marx’s Historical Materialism

当我们谈论起历史唯物主义,国内大多数人认为就指的是生产力和生产关系、经济基础和上层建筑、阶层斗争等这类概念。但其实这些概念在不同视角下其实有着不同的内涵,不同视角所衍生出来的思想也各不相同。历史主义理论视野下讲述的思想内涵,与在自然主义理论的视野下讲述的思想内涵,是不一样的,历史主义视角下是一种历史的诠释,自然主义视角之下的是一种科学的解读。由于人们长期在教科书的片面视角下去研读马克思的思想,因而对马克思的思想认识得不全面。因此从历史主义下去解读历史唯物主义,是十分有必要的,只有把思想放置与历史之中,我们才能更加准确地把握到马克思思想的本质。马克思的历史主义是将“现实的人”作为历史主体来认识的,因而必须从历史主体来理解马克思的历史唯物主义,从而发现马克思主义的历史主义原则。我们对思想或者哲学家的研究应该是全面且深刻的,探究哲学家究竟想给整个社会带来什么,他想对这个社会说些什么,他为何会提出这样的思想理论。很多时候哲学家的思想都包含了他的一腔抱负,对整个人类社会的期望。因此,我们在研究马克思历史唯物主义的观点的时候我们要更全面,不要仅从一种自然的科学的角度去认识思想,我们要在历史中去追寻一个真正的马克思,还原一位真正伟大的哲学家。

When we talk about historical materialism, most people in China think that what we mean is productive forces and relations of production, economic foundation and superstructure, class struggle and so on. But in fact, these concepts have different connotations under different perspectives, and the ideas derived from different perspectives are also different. The ideological connotation told from the perspective of historicism is different from that told from the perspective of naturalism, which is a historical interpretation, while that told from the perspective of naturalism is a scientific interpretation. As people have been studying Marx’s thoughts in the one-sided perspective of textbooks for a long time, they have not got a comprehensive understanding of Marx’s thoughts. Therefore, it is very necessary to interpret historical materialism from historicism. Only by placing thoughts in history can we grasp the essence of Marx’s thought more accurately. Marx’s historicism regards “realistic man” as the historical subject, so we must understand Marx’s historical materialism from the historical subject, so as to discover the principle of Marxism’s historicism. Our study of thought or philosopher should be comprehensive and profound, exploring what the philosopher wants to bring to the whole society, what he wants to say to the society, and why he puts forward such thoughts and theories. Many times the philosopher’s thoughts contain his aspiration, his expectation of the whole human society. Therefore, when we study Marx’s historical materialism, we should be more comprehensive, not only from a natural scientific perspective to understand thoughts, we should pursue a real Marx in history, restore a real great philosopher.