论西田几多郎与洛采的“善”,兼论“善的意志”何以可能?

On the “Goodness” of Kitaro Nishida and Lotze, and on How the “Good Will” is Possible?

“善”是伦理学的首要概念。西田几多郎对“善”的研究具有诸多的创新之处,他认为善是纯粹经验状态下意志的发展完成,是理想的圆满实现,也是知情意一体状态;相比较而言,洛采从感觉出发,试图首先以感觉作为善的价值标准,再通过对感性与理性的综合建立起善的客观价值标准。西田几多郎和洛采在自己的体系中都赋予了善极其重要的地位,本文试图对二者“善”的体系进行比较,并指出二者的可取之处与不可取之处。在此基础上,通过构建一个更加开放的体系,使二者的优势能互相补充,互相兼容于一个更大的体系下。

“Goodness” is the primary concept of ethics. Kitaro Nishida’s research on “goodness” has many innovations. He believes that goodness is the development and completion of the will in the state of pure experience, the perfect realization of the ideal, and the state of being informed. In contrast, Lotze starts from feeling, trying to first use feeling as the standard of good value, and then establish the objective value standard of good through the integration of sensibility and rationality. Both Kitaro Nishida and Lotze have given kindness an extremely important position in their systems. This article attempts to compare the two systems of “goodness” and points out the merits and undesirable points of the two. On this basis, by building a more open system, the advantages of the two can complement each other and be compatible with each other under a larger system.