论海德格尔的语言观——基于语言与环境的关系视角

On Heidegger’s View of Language—On the Relationship between Language and Environment

《存在与时间》时期的海德格尔主要在此在的生存论存在论意义上来讨论语言,这种立场表明海德格尔关于语言的讨论与语言生成的具体环境保持着明显的张力关系,即使他仍把这种环境限定在“文化哲学”和道德评判之外。在发生了思想转变以后,海德格尔逐渐赋予了语言以更高的地位,此时的语言先于具体环境而存在,即“语言自己说话”,“语言是存在的家园”。此时的环境主要变成了语言的顺应者和赞助者。这种语言观的发展逐步从一种存在论现象学的生发性语言观发展为一种超脱于环境的作为存在的真理的语言观。就时代的生存环境来说,海德格尔的语言观有其悲观且保守的一面,但也不乏深刻性。

In Being and Time, Heidegger mainly discussed language from the existentialist ontological meaning of Dasein. This position indicates that Heidegger's discussion of language maintains an obvioustension with the specific environment of language generation, even though he still limits this environment to “cultural philosophy” and moral judgment. After the ideological transformation, Heidegger gradually endowed language with a higher status. At this time, language existed before the concrete environment. “Language speaks for itself” and “language is the home of existence”. At this time, the environment mainly becomes the adaptor and sponsor of language. The development of this view of language gradually develops from a generative view of ontological phenomenology to a view of language which is detached from the environment as the truth of existence. In terms of the living environment of the Times, Heidegger’s view of language has its pessimistic and conservative side, but it is also profound.