自由与美德——康德道德哲学研究

Freedom and Virtue—Kant’s Study of Moral Philosophy

美德是康德哲学体系的最高诉求,康德以摆脱经验必然性的理性自由作为道德哲学的展开视域。人乃是理性–自由的存在者,纯粹实践理性是理性的最高运用,唯有透过理性本身才能给出普遍适用的道德法则。道德法则作为绝对律令,是人类一般实践行为关于善恶的绝对标尺,同时每一个个体应当凭籍意志的自律,去遵循道德律的要求,并不断向着更高的道德境界跃升。一方面是最高者的召唤,一方面是能思想者的敬重,在二者的张力中,人类开启出自身的本质与历史的未来。

Virtue is the highest appeal of Kant’s philosophical system, and Kant takes the rational freedom from the inevitability of experience as the unfolding vision of moral philosophy. Man is a rational and free being, and pure practical reason is the highest application of reason, and only through reason itself can universally applicable moral law be given. As an absolute law, the moral law is the absolute rules of good and evil in the general practice behavior of human beings, and at the same time, every individual should follow the requirements of the moral law by self-discipline of the will, and constantly leap to a higher moral realm. On the one hand, the call of the Supreme and on the other hand, the respect of the able thinker, in the tension between the two, humanity opens up its own essence and historical future.