马克思对费尔巴哈的超越:从感性直观到感性活动

Marx’s Transcendence of Feuerbach: From Perceptual Intuition to Perceptual Activity

因为费尔巴哈将感性直观作为自己哲学的核心原则,他得以向一般形而上学宣战。但也正是因为感性直观本身不可克服的缺陷,费尔巴哈未能完成他所开启的庞大事业。在马克思思想陷入危机之时,他深受费尔巴哈哲学的启发,并曾一度站在费尔巴哈立场对黑格尔哲学进行猛烈抨击。正是在这一过程中,马克思洞察到费尔巴哈感性直观原则的弊端,在德国哲学活动原则的基础上扬弃了感性直观原则,进而创造性地提出了感性活动概念,发动了一场消灭一般形而上学的存在论革命,完成了费尔巴哈的未竟之事业。

Because Feuerbach took perceptual intuition as the first principle of his philosophy, he was able to declare war on metaphysics in general. But it is precisely because of the insurmountable flaws of perceptual intuition that Feuerbach finally failed to complete the huge business he started. When Marx’s thought was in crisis, he was deeply inspired by Feuerbach’s philosophy, and once slammed Hegel’s philosophy from Feuerbach’s standpoint. It was in this process that Marx perceived the defects of Feuerbach’s principle of perceptual intuition, abandoned the principle of perceptual intuition on the basis of the principle of German philosophical activity, creatively proposed the concept of perceptual activity, and launched an eradication of all metaphysics. The ontological revolution opened up a new horizon for the development of philosophy in later generations.