论科西克关于日常生活的三大批判向度及其超越——基于《具体的辩证法》的文本解读

On the Three Critical Dimensions of Kosik’s Daily Life and Transcendence—Based on the Textual Interpretation of the Dialectics of the Concrete

在科西克看来,所谓“日常生活”指的是社会个体在资本主义条件下的异化存在方式,即它是未加批判的伪具体的世界。科西克从海德格尔的“烦”、经济人与系统的统治与被统治的关系以及人对自然的异化操控这三个向度对这个伪具体的物化世界展开了批判;他指出,“烦”创造了一个非人类的世界,人的主体性淹没在其中;同时在资本主义经济系统的统治下,人的主体性进一步沉沦,彻底下降为系统运行的存粹工具,而且人对自然的全面统治把人的生存境况拉入深渊,因为它代表着人的无尊严的时代的到来。针对现代人的这一困境,科西克指出遵循“间离”原则的艺术、以海德格尔为代表的存在主义的修正以及以具体的辩证法为核心的革命性实践成为三种可能性的出路,但由于前两者只强调思想层面的变革,因此不可避免的会走向失败,只有革命性的实践才能成为现代人走出异化困境的唯一出路,因为它既摧毁伪具体世界表面的拜物教化,又根植于实践,带来现实的变革。

According to Kosik, everyday life refers to the alienated way of existence of individuals under the capitalism, i.e., it is an uncritically pseudo-concrete world. Kosik provides a penetrating critique of this pseudo-concrete world from three directions: Heidegger’s care, the dominated relationship between Homo oeconomoicus and the system as well as man’s manipulation of nature;he puts that care creates an inhuman world, in which human’s subjectivity is submerged totally;at the same time, under the domination of the capitalist economic system, subjectivity is further submerged and completely reduced to a mere instrument of the system’s functioning, and the total domination of nature by human beings draws human beings into the abyss of their existence, as it represents the advent of the era of the human being’s lack of dignity. In response to this dilemma, Kosik points out that art based on estrangement principle, the revision of existentialism represented by Heidegger, and revolutionary practice centered on dialectics of concrete are three possible ways, but since the first two emphasize only the ideological level, they will inevitably fail. On the contrary, whereas revolutionary praxis is a contribution not only the destruction of the superficial worship of the pseudo-concrete world but also to bring about change in reality, it can be the only way out of the dilemma.