数字资本主义时代马克思自由时间思想探究

Research on Marx’s Free Time Thought in the Era of Digital Capitalism

数字技术与资本的深度融合推动了数字资本主义的形成,它与传统资本主义一致的是数字资本的价值增殖规律仍以社会必要劳动时间为标准,这样一来占有更多的剩余劳动时间就意味着占有更多能带来剩余价值的生产要素,因而“时间”成为数字资本主义的剥削对象。通过时间资本化、产消合一化和剥削软性化等方式,使得数字资本主义以全新的方式进行剥削,而在这一进程中,导致社会加速发展,引发了普遍的时间危机。真正的自由时间在数字资本主义时代早已无处可循,资本以更为隐形的方式堵塞了人的解放之路,个体逐渐成为资本增殖的“齿轮”。因此,推动生产力持续健康发展、充分激发人的时间主体性、依托国家治理抑制数字资本的无序扩张并使数字资本成为主体获取自由时间的工具乃是解放时间、恢复时间正义进而实现人自由全面发展的现实路径。

The deep integration of digital technology and capital has promoted the formation of digital capitalism. What is consistent with traditional capitalism is that the law of value proliferation of digital capital is still based on socially necessary labor time. In this way, occupying more surplus labor time means occupying more production factors that can bring surplus value. Therefore, “time” has become the object of exploitation of digital capitalism. Through the capitalization of time, the integration of production and consumption, and the softening of exploitation, digital capitalism exploits in a new way. This process leads to the accelerated development of society and triggers a general time crisis. In the era of digital capitalism, real free time has nowhere to go. Capital has blocked the road of human liberation in a more invisible way, and individuals have gradually become the “gears” of capital proliferation. Therefore, promoting the sustained and healthy development of productive forces, fully stimulating people’s time subjectivity, relying on national governance to curb the disorderly expansion of digital capital and making digital capital a tool for the subject to obtain free time are the realistic paths to liberate time, restore time justice and realize the free and all-round development of human beings.