“木兰式”的女性困境分析及解放出路

Analysis of the Dilemma of “Mulan-Type” Women and the Way out of Liberation

《木兰辞》中的木兰这一人物代表了中国妇女的处境,朱丽娅•克里斯蒂娃借用“木兰式女性”一词来指称为了进入男权社会,而不得不隐藏自己真正的女性性别,选择伪装成男性的女性的处境。在中国传统文化的孝悌外衣的遮蔽下,木兰式女性背后的丑陋和压迫不仅长久以来未能得到应有的关注,反而加之女性身上的伦理大山愈来愈重,甚至到达了出于贞洁的守护而付出生命的代价的程度。当西方文化对木兰这一人物形象进行影视化时,亦对木兰这一角色进行了西方意识形态下的改编,和中国传统下的木兰的角色的重要不同在于木兰从军的动机和女性身份暴露的时间。无论是中国文化下的流传还是西方语境下的改编,虽略有不同,但木兰这一人物都有着相同的女性困境,即男权社会之下,会以男性标准来审判“木兰式女性”,女性须以男性作为镜像,受到男权社会的阉割。至于女性的解放出路,虽不同的学说有不同的看法,但共同的是坚持要求改变妇女不平等地位的强烈信念。

The character of Mulan in the Legend of Mulan represents the situation of Chinese women, and Julia Kristeva borrows the term “Mulan-type women” to refer to the situation of women who are forced to hide their true gender and choose to disguise themselves as men in order to enter into a patriarchal society. Under the cover of filial piety and fraternal duty in traditional Chinese culture, the ugliness and oppression behind the Mulan woman has not only failed to receive due attention for a long time, but has also added to the ethical mountain on the body of the woman that has become heavier and heavier, to the extent that she has even paid the price of her life out of the protection of chastity. When the character of Mulan has been filmised in Western culture, it has also been adapted from Western ideology. The important difference from the role of Mulan in China tradition lies in Mulan’s motivation to join the army and the time when her female identity was exposed. Whether the char-acter is passed down in Chinese culture or adapted in a Western context, although there are slight differences, the character of Mulan shares the same female dilemma, that is, under a patriarchal society, the “Mulan-type woman” will be judged by the male standard, and women have to use men as a mirror image, and are emasculated by the patriarchal society. As for the way out for women’s emancipation, although different doctrines have different views, what is common is the strong conviction of insisting on the demand to change the unequal status of women.