论《德意志意识形态》对物质本体论的发展

On the Development of Material Ontology in The German Ideology

《德意志意识形态》是马克思阐发马克思主义哲学原理的奠基性文献,对物质本体论的发展是其中一个重要方面。马克思首先批判了费尔巴哈为代表的直观唯物主义,指出费尔巴哈对物质的客体直观认识必然导致唯心史观。马克思对物质本体论的发展主要在于两方面,其一,揭示了主体实践的客观实在性,强调了物质实践对于观念认识的决定作用,指出物质实践是推动人类历史发展的首要因素,这是马克思对于一切旧唯物主义的根本变革。其二,论证了先在自然存在并且可知,揭示了先在自然与实践的物质统一性。在广义的意义上,由于物质实践是历史的总体性范畴,《德意志意识形态》对于物质本体论的发展必需在马克思的唯物史观文本整体中加以把握。

The German Ideology is the foundational document of Marx’s exposition of Marxist philosophical principles, and the development of material ontology is one of the important aspects. Marx first criticized the old materialism represented by Feuerbach, and pointed out that Feuerbach’s intuitive understanding of the object of matter inevitably leads to an idealistic view of history. Marx’s development of material ontology mainly lies in two aspects: first, it reveals the objective reality of subjective practice, emphasizes the decisive role of material practice in conceptual understanding, and points out that material practice is the primary factor in promoting the development of human history, which is Marx’s fundamental change to all old materialism. Second, it argues that the pre-existing nature exists and can be known, revealing the material unity of the pre-existing nature and practice. In a broad sense, since material practice is the overarching category of history, the development of material ontology in The German Ideology must be grasped in the context of Marx’s historical materialist textual whole.